Monkeys / en Beyond GPS: U of T researchers study monkeys that can plan their routes /news/beyond-gps-u-t-researchers-study-monkeys-can-plan-their-routes <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beyond GPS: U of T researchers study monkeys that can plan their routes</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2018-06-04-vervet-monkey-lead.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=0WXMc653 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2018-06-04-vervet-monkey-lead.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=VP5C5JTd 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2018-06-04-vervet-monkey-lead.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=4cXCtc66 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2018-06-04-vervet-monkey-lead.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=0WXMc653" alt="photo of vervet monkey"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>ullahnor</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2018-06-04T16:49:30-04:00" title="Monday, June 4, 2018 - 16:49" class="datetime">Mon, 06/04/2018 - 16:49</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item">A new U of T study has found that when foraging for food, vervet monkeys apply simple rules-of-thumb to find short routes (photo by Eve Smeltzer)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/don-campbell" hreflang="en">Don Campbell</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/breaking-research" hreflang="en">Breaking Research</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/monkeys" hreflang="en">Monkeys</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/primate" hreflang="en">Primate</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/u-t-scarborough" hreflang="en">U of T Scarborough</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>They might not have mastered GPS technology, but vervet monkeys can find&nbsp;relatively short routes, much&nbsp;the same way that humans do.</p> <p>A new U of T study published in the&nbsp;<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198076">journal <em>PLOS ONE</em></a> has found that when foraging for food, vervet monkeys apply simple rules-of-thumb (also known as heuristics) to find relatively short routes without having to think too much about it.&nbsp;</p> <p>“People are amazed that animals can often find the shortest route when foraging for food, and the big question is how they’re able to figure it out,” says lead author <strong>Julie Teichroeb</strong>, an assistant professor in the department of anthropology at U of T Scarborough.</p> <p>“Solving these kinds of routes is extremely difficult mathematically but we’ve found that these monkeys, much like us, rely on heuristics.” &nbsp;</p> <p>Heuristics are basically mental shortcuts meant to ease the cognitive burden of making complex decisions. While these decisions may not be perfect or even the most ideal, they get the job done. After all, getting paralyzed trying to choose from the infinite number of ways to get to several destinations has many costs, especially when trying to locate food.</p> <p>Monkeys in particular seem to be good at figuring out the shortest route right away without needing much time or practice, says Teichroeb. In the case of vervets, they often end up using a method that humans do&nbsp;called the “nearest neighbour rule,” which is essentially choosing the closest site that hasn’t been visited yet.</p> <p>Teichroeb and her co-author <strong>Eve Smeltzer</strong>, a PhD student in U of T’s department of anthropology, observed the vervets at Lake Nabugabo in Uganda, near Lake Victoria.</p> <p><img alt class="media-image attr__typeof__foaf:Image img__fid__8498 img__view_mode__media_original attr__format__media_original" height="500" src="/sites/default/files/2018-06-04-vervet0monkey-3.jpg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="750" loading="lazy"><br> <em>PhD student Eve Smeltzer (left) and&nbsp;Assistant Professor Julie Teichroeb (right)&nbsp;are co-authors of the recent vervet monkeys study (photo by Julie Teichroeb)&nbsp;</em></p> <p>Using a simple array of platforms containing food, they observed that the monkeys would typically go to the next nearest location. But when the researchers created a condition where using simple heuristics would no longer lead to near-optimal paths, vervets showed an ability to plan their route. A couple of monkeys were even able to routinely figure out the shortest possible path after the condition was introduced, showing individual differences in skill. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>“This is only the second animal where planning of foraging routes has been found, the other being noisy miner birds,” says Teichroeb, who is an expert on primate behaviour, specifically evolution of group living and social organization.</p> <p>Vervet monkeys are found mostly throughout Southern Africa and help serve as a nonhuman primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviours in humans. They’ve been observed to experience hypertension, anxiety, social dependency and even display spiteful behaviour. &nbsp;</p> <p>While it’s likely other primates can also plan foraging routes, many are hard to observe in the wild since most prefer to live in trees, notes Teichroeb. Vervets on the other hand are perfectly happy on the ground and are relatively comfortable being near humans. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>In the future, Teichroeb hopes to vary other characteristics of the food available in her experiments, such as its nutritional quality or ease of access, to see if there’s a change in the routes the vervets take. These variables may also affect behaviour depending on social status with subordinate vervets choosing the closest food site, while those that are more dominant may try to find and defend better food sites.</p> <p>Teichroeb has observed that the strategy vervets use when they are alone appears to be different from the strategy they use when they’re with others.</p> <p>“That’s really fascinating and hard to show in natural populations of primates because they’re so social and it’s rare for individuals to leave their group and complete an experiment on their own,” she says.</p> <p>“I really want to get at what’s most important in the resources that they choose, and how that changes their foraging routes and decision-making.”</p> <p><img alt class="media-image attr__typeof__foaf:Image img__fid__8499 img__view_mode__media_original attr__format__media_original" src="/sites/default/files/2018-06-04-vervet-monkey2.jpg" style="width: 750px; height: 500px; margin: 10px;" typeof="foaf:Image"><br> <em>The study found that the vervet monkeys would typically go to the next nearest location, but when researchers created a condition where using simple heuristics would no longer lead to near-optimal paths, vervets could&nbsp;plan their route&nbsp;(photo by Eve Smeltzer)</em></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Mon, 04 Jun 2018 20:49:30 +0000 ullahnor 136527 at Monkeys play the odds, say U of T researchers /news/monkeys-play-odds-say-u-t-researchers <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Monkeys play the odds, say U of T researchers </span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-01-10-capuchin-monkey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=tUR5G5QO 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2017-01-10-capuchin-monkey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=XiJMFGxZ 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2017-01-10-capuchin-monkey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=w7JADBGw 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-01-10-capuchin-monkey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=tUR5G5QO" alt="Photo of capuchin monkeys"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>ullahnor</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2017-01-10T15:06:02-05:00" title="Tuesday, January 10, 2017 - 15:06" class="datetime">Tue, 01/10/2017 - 15:06</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item">Assistant Professor of Psychology Daphna Buchsbaum: “It might be that they are not that very different from us at all” (photos by Emma Tecwyn)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/peter-boisseau" hreflang="en">Peter Boisseau</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-legacy field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author legacy</div> <div class="field__item">Peter Boisseau</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/global-lens" hreflang="en">Global Lens</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/monkeys" hreflang="en">Monkeys</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/animal" hreflang="en">Animal</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/psychology" hreflang="en">Psychology</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/primate" hreflang="en">Primate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">A study on statistical reasoning among capuchin monkeys finds the first evidence that a monkey species is capable of making decisions on the basis of probabilities</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>It wasn’t exactly a Planet of the Apes moment, but when two ؿζSM&nbsp;researchers recently proved monkeys can reason about proportions and ratios, it opened a world of possibilities to tickle the fancy of even a Hollywood scriptwriter.&nbsp;</p> <p>The study on statistical reasoning among capuchin monkeys by <strong>Daphna Buchsbaum</strong>, an assistant professor of psychology,&nbsp;and <strong>Emma Tecwyn</strong>, a postdoctoral researcher,&nbsp;is the first evidence a monkey species is capable of making decisions on the basis of probabilities.</p> <p>The Faculty of Arts &amp; Science researchers' study, published online in <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10071-016-1043-9"><em>Animal Cognition</em></a>, tested the monkeys using jars of desirable peanuts and undesirable pellets in different ratios to prove they can reason about relative amounts, as opposed to just making straightforward comparisons about quantities.&nbsp;The 19 monkeys who participated in the study are from the ‘Living Links to Human Evolution’ Research Centre at the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo, UK.</p> <p>The study also demonstrated that the monkeys – like great apes – &nbsp;share a capability once thought to be uniquely human.</p> <p>“It might be that they are not that very different from us at all,” says Buchsbaum, adding that in a sense, the results also further our understanding of ourselves as humans.</p> <p>While it still leaves capuchin monkeys a long way from the talking hero apes of the popular movie series, the type of intuitive ability they demonstrated in the lab tests is a building block for complex thinking, such as understanding cause and effect, and language.</p> <p><img alt class="media-image attr__typeof__foaf:Image img__fid__3096 img__view_mode__media_original attr__format__media_original" height="563" src="/sites/default/files/Capuchin_4.jpg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="750" loading="lazy"></p> <p>The researchers say infants use the same ability to understand other people’s goals and preferences.</p> <p>“I think the fact that monkeys do share this ability would make us potentially more optimistic that they might also be capable of more sophisticated social inferences,” says&nbsp;Buchsbaum. “While monkeys are unlikely to be capable of learning language, the ability to track probabilities is absolutely related to language learning.”</p> <p>The statistical reasoning abilities shared by human infants and monkeys are part of a broader range of cognitive skills that encompass everything from predicting the behaviour of others to being able to reason about someone’s desires and mental state.</p> <p>Buchsbaum notes there are more immediate applications for this ability in monkeys such as how to forage and compete for food successfully.</p> <p>For now, the scientists are satisfied to add to their growing knowledge about the evolutionary traits of humans and other animals, particularly primates.</p> <p>Until recently, the ability to make inferences using probabilities was thought to develop relatively late in childhood. But recent work revealed this ability in infants as young as 10 months old to a one year old.</p> <p>Other research suggests that great apes such as chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans also share this intuitive statistical ability with human infants.</p> <p>What’s intriguing about the monkey study is it suggests that this ability developed earlier on the ancestral tree&nbsp;before apes and&nbsp;humans&nbsp;branched off, Tecwyn says.</p> <p>Humans shared a common ancestor with chimps about six million years ago. But we last shared a common ancestor with capuchin monkeys about 30 million years ago.</p> <p>“So we could make the inference that this ability is at least that ancient,” Tecwyn says.</p> <p><img alt class="media-image attr__typeof__foaf:Image img__fid__3097 img__view_mode__media_original attr__format__media_original" height="563" src="/sites/default/files/Capuchin_5.jpg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="750" loading="lazy"></p> <p>It is possible&nbsp;but unlikely, that statistical reasoning is a trait capuchins evolved independently, and it is not shared by other monkey species, adds Buchsbaum.</p> <p>“Given that humans, apes and capuchins all share the trait, it is more likely that it evolved once earlier rather than independently in these different groups.”</p> <p>Researchers have long been on a quest to establish what makes humans unique from other animals&nbsp;and conversely, what cognitive abilities are shared. Like the ape studies before it, the capuchin research further lays to rest the idea that probabilistic reasoning is one of the traits that makes humans unique.</p> <p>Buchsbaum says an exciting avenue for future research would be investigating whether animals other than primates also share this ability to make intuitive statistical inferences, and whether non-human animals are capable of more sophisticated social reasoning often thought to be unique to humans.</p> <p>“But regardless, within the broader animal kingdom, I don’t think we can doubt monkeys are pretty sensitive and intelligent animals,”&nbsp;Buchsbaum says.</p> <p>Other collaborators on the research –&nbsp;conducted at the <a href="http://www.living-links.org/">Living Links research centre</a> at the Edinburgh Zoo –&nbsp;are <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/psychology/people-profiles/stephanie-denison">Stephanie Denison</a> of the University of Waterloo and <a href="https://www.hw.ac.uk/schools/social-sciences/staff-directory/emily-messer.htm">Emily Messer</a> of Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Tue, 10 Jan 2017 20:06:02 +0000 ullahnor 103252 at